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1 |  | FISH VULNERABILITY SCORING SYSTEM FOR UNDERWATER NOISE ASSESSMENT IN THE NORTH SEA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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3 | Migratory/Nonmigratory | Pelagic/Demersal | Order | Species | speciesEng | speciesLatin | Hearing sensitivity | Hearing adaptation | Sound production | Susceptibility to barotrauma injuries | Impact of impulsive noise | Impact of continuous noise | Threat status (European region) | Commercial value (European region) | Keystone species | Data Score (18) | Vulnerability Score (27) | |||||||||||||||||||
4 | Description | Reference | Score | Data quality | Description | References | Score | Data quality | Description | References* | Score | Data quality | Description | Reference | Score | Data quality | Description | References | Score | Data quality | Description | Reference | Score | Data quality | ||||||||||||
5 | Migratory | Demersal | Clupeiformes | Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) | Cod | Gadus morhua | 30 to 470 Hz | Chapman & Hawkins (1973) | 3 | 3 | Swim bladder has anterior extensions in proximity to the ears | Hawkins & Popper (2020) | 3 | 3 | 30 - 250 Hz, related to courtship & spawning | Rowe & Hutchings (2006) | 3 | 3 | Physoclistous | Sand & Hawkins (1972) | 3 | 3 | 150 to 250 Hz at 180 dB can cause loss of ciliary bundles when exposed 1-5 hrs of pile driving noise; Reduced heart rate, changed swimming direction when exposed to seismic air gun | Enger (1981); Davidsen et al. (2019); Mueller-Blenkle et al., 2010; van der Knaap et al., | 3 | 3 | Reduced effective communication during vessel traffic, can induce cortisol elevation, eventually reduction in total egg production | Stanley et al. (2017); Sierra-Flores et al. (2015) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 25 | |
6 | Migratory | Pelagic | Clupeiformes | Herring (Clupea harengus) | Herring | Clupea harengus | < 4 kHz | Enger (1967) | 3 | 3 | Specialised connection between a gas bubble and the ear | Fritzsch (2000); Allen et al. (1976) | 3 | 3 | 1.7 - 2.2 kHz, social mediation appears likely | Wilson et al. (2004) | 3 | 1 | Physostomous | Ganias et al. (2015) | 2 | 3 | 153-170 dB pile driving resulted to damage in hair cells; lower density of fish within the shooting area | Engell-Sorensen & Skyt (n.d.); Slotte et al. (2004) | 3 | 2 | Significant diving reactions when exposed to continuous, broadband engine sounds; avoidance reaction | Doksæter et al. (2012); Ona et al. (2007); Sivle et al. (2012) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 24 | |
7 | Migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) | Haddock | Melanogrammus aeglefinus | 30 - 500 Hz | Chapman (1973) | 3 | 3 | Swim bladder involved in hearing | Lucke et al., 2024 | 3 | 3 | 30 - 400 Hz, 600 Hz, sounds produced througout the spawning season | Hawkins & Picciulin (2019); Hawkins (2022) | 3 | 3 | Physoclistous | Rommens, 1993 | 3 | 3 | Increased swimming activity during a seismic shooting | Lokkeberg et al. (2012) | 3 | 2 | Reduced effective communication, strong downward avoidance reactions to vessel activity | Stanley et al. (2017); Ona & Godo (1990) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 17 | 25 | |
8 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Ling (Molva molva) | Ling | Molva molva | 30 - 500 Hz | Chapman (1973) | 3 | 3 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing as it belongs to the Gadidae, and is also a deep-sea fish. | Deng et al., 2011 | 3 | 2 | Likely but unconfirmed | Hawkins & Picciulin (2019) | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous, as all Gadidae | Morrison et al. (1993) | 3 | 3 | Increased swimming activity during air-gun sound emissions | Lokkeberg et al. (2012) | 3 | 3 | Masking at higher sea states due to increased background noise level | Chapman (1973) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 22 | |
9 | Migratory | Demersal | Acipenseriformes | European sea sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) | European sea sturgeon | Acipenser sturio | 100-500 Hz | based on Acipenser fulvescens, Lovell et al. (2005) | 3 | 1 | Swim bladder not involved in hearing | Popper & Calfee (2023) | 2 | 3 | Active sound | Tolstoganova (2001) | 2 | 3 | Physostomous | Williot et al. (2011) | 2 | 3 | Moderate hematoma to mild deflated bladders for lake sturgeons after pile driving exposure | Halvorsen et al. (2012) | 3 | 1 | Significant decrease in the number of spawning sounds within the vicinity of ships | Higgs & Beach (2021) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 21 | |
10 | Migratory | Both | Perciformes | European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | European seabass | Dicentrarchus labrax | < 1 kHz | Lovell (2003) | 3 | 3 | Swim bladder involved in hearing | Neo et al. (2014); Lucke et al. (2025) | 3 | 2 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. (2022) | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous as adults | van der Kooij et al. (2007) | 3 | 3 | Increased swimming speed, depth and cohesion at night. Biochemical stress response to repeated impulsive sound exposures | Neo et al. (2014), Santulli et al. (1999) | 3 | 3 | Reduced predator inspection behavior when under continuous drilling noise | Spiga et al. (2017) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 15 | 22 | |
11 | Migratory | Benthopelagic | Salmoniformes | Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) | Atlantic salmon | Salmo salar | 100 - 580 Hz | Hawkins & Johnstone (1978) | 3 | 3 | No accessory hearing organs, only sensitive to particle motion since swim bladder is far from the ear | Hawkins & Johnstone (1978) | 2 | 3 | 300 - 2000 Hz; may be significant in synchronising reproductive physiology | Moore & Waring (1999) | 3 | 2 | Physostomous | Korsoen, 2011 | 2 | 3 | No overt effects | Harding et al. (2016) | 1 | 3 | Communication and orientation signals may be masked by windmill noise | Wahlberg & Westerberg (2005); van der Knaap et al. (2022) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 16 | 20 | |
12 | Migratory | Demersal | Anguilliformes | European eel (Anguilla anguilla) | European eel | Anguilla anguilla | 10 - 300 Hz | Jerko et al. (1989) | 3 | 3 | Swim bladder is distant from the ear, although at the higher frequencies within the audible range the swim bladder conveyed an auditory advantage | Jerko et al. (1989) | 2 | 3 | 10 - 200 Hz, courtship and spawning | Protasov & Romanenko (1962), Lagardere & Ernanded (2004) | 3 | 1 | Becomes physoclistous during metamorphosis | Zwerger et al. (2002) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Prolonged stress, elevated ventilation for poorer individuals when exposed to recordings of ships | Simpson et al. (2014); Purser et al. (2016) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 21 | ||
13 | Migratory | Pelagic | Clupeiformes | Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) | Sprat | Sprattus sprattus | < 4 kHz | based on close kinship with herring, Enger (1967) | 3 | 2 | Tubular connections between the swimbladder and air-filled otic bullae close to the labyrinth of the inner ear. | Allen et al. (1976) | 3 | 3 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. (2022) | 1 | 1 | Physostomous | Solberg & Kaartvedt (2014) | 2 | 3 | 153-170 dB pile driving resulted to damage in hair cells; avoidance response | Engell-Sorensen & Skyt (n.d.); Hawkins et al. (2014) | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 19 | ||
14 | Migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Whiting (Merlangus merlangius) | Whiting | Merlangus merlangius | < 500 Hz | based on available information on impact of impulsive noise | 3 | 1 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing as it belongs to the Gadidae | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | Passive feeding | Hawkins & Rasmussen (1978) | 1 | 3 | Physoclistous | Gisiner, 1998 | 3 | 3 | Possibly avoidance reaction | Engell-Sorensen & Skyt (n.d.) | 3 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 20 | ||
15 | Migratory | Both | (class) Chondrichthyes | Elasmobranchs | Elasmobranchs | NA | 40 - 1500 Hz | audiograms have only been produced for 10 species (Chapius & Colin, 2022); Casper et al. (2003, 2006) | 3 | 2 | No swim bladders | Lucke et al. (2024) | 1 | 3 | 13 recorded occurrences, majority have been passive sounds, one report on audible defence warning signal | Fetterplace et al. (2022) | 3 | 2 | No swim bladder | Fange (1996) | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Sig. differences in swimming time when exposed to shipping noise; masking | de Vincenzi (2021); Casper et al. (2012) | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 20 | ||
16 | Migratory | Demersal | Perciformes | Gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata) | Gilt-head bream | Sparus aurata | < 1 kHz | traditionally considered as a hearing generalist species, Papoutsoglou et al., 2015 | 3 | 2 | No accessory hearing organs, swim bladder not close to the ear | https://fair-fish-database.net/db/species/sparus-aurata/dossier/ | 2 | 3 | Likely but unconfirmed | WoRMS | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous as adults | Boglione et al. (2013) | 3 | 3 | For red sea bream, feeding activity disturbed and increased no. of frightened fish | Ishioka et al. (1986) | 3 | 1 | Significant increase in motility and in lactate and haematocrit levels in response to boat noise | Celi et al. (2016); Filiciotto et al. (2016); Buscaino et al. (2010) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 18 | |
17 | Migratory | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) | Plaice | Pleuronectes platessa | 30-250 Hz | Chapman & Sand (1973) | 3 | 3 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Likely but unconfirmed | Enger et al., 1993 | 1 | 1 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No reported significant response from pile driving sounds | Bruintjes et al. (2016) | 1 | 3 | Avoidance reaction when exposed to wind turbine sounds, although reactions were variable | Muller (2008) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 17 | |||
18 | Migratory | Demersal | Scorpaeniformes | Grey gurnard (Eutrigla gurnardus) | Grey gurnard | Eutrigla gurnardus | Hearing generalist | Amorim et al. (2004) | 3 | 1 | No accessory hearing organs | Amorim et al., 2004 | 2 | 1 | Knocks, grunts and growls during competitive feeding; peak freq. of 500 Hz | Amorim et al., 2004 | 3 | 3 | Physoclistous | Evans, 1935 | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 16 | |||
19 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gobiiformes | Sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) | Sand goby | Pomatoschistus minutus | < 1000 Hz | Maurer et al. (2023) | 3 | 3 | No accessory hearing organs | Maurer et al., 2023 | 2 | 3 | 15-400 Hz, courtship | Blom et al., 2016; Bolgan et al., 2012 | 3 | 3 | Physoclistous | Gee & Gee (1991) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Decreased magnitude in anti-predator response after boat noise playback | Kok et al. (2021); Maurer et al. (2023) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 17 | ||
20 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gobiiformes | Painted gobies (Pomatoschistus pictus) | Painted gobies | Pomatoschistus pictus | 100 - 300 Hz | Amorim et al. (2018) | 3 | 3 | No accessory hearing organs | Amorim & Neves (2008) | 2 | 3 | 200-250 Hz, courtship and for territory defense | Bolgan et al. 2013 | 3 | 3 | Physoclistous | Reduced swim bladders, Fish Base | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Negative effects on acoustic communication and spawning success with constant low frequency tones (100 Hz) | de Jong et al. (2016) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 17 | ||
21 | Migratory | Benthopelagic | Acanthuriformes | Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) | Meagre | Argyrosomus regius | 30 - 300 Hz | Vieira et al. (2021) | 3 | 3 | No accessory hearing organs | Expert | 2 | 1 | Loud choruses during mating | Lagardere and Mariani, 2006 | 3 | 3 | Physoclistous | Expert | 3 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Masking of choruses by boat noise | Vieira et al. (2021) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 17 | ||
22 | Migratory | Pelagic | Clupeiformes | Silver smelt (Argentina silus) | Silver smelt | Argentina silus | No information | 0 | 0 | Clupeiforms have air-filled tubes that project from the swim bladder and end in air chambers connected with the utricles of the inner ear | Wohlfahrt, 1936, 1938; Mann et al. (2001) | 3 | 2 | Unlikely | Hawkins & Picciulin (2019) | 0 | 0 | Physoclistous | Fahlen (1970) | 3 | 3 | Lower densities in the seismic shooting period | Lokkeberg et al. (2012) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 14 | |||
23 | Migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Saithe (Pollachius virens) | Saithe | Pollachius virens | No information | 0 | 0 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing as it belongs to the Gadidae family | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | Passive sounds | Hawkins & Rasmussen (1978) | 1 | 3 | Physoclistous | Ross (1979) | 3 | 3 | Displacement after exposure to air gun sounds; Increased swimming speed, changes in depth when exposed to intermittent construction noises | Davidsen et al. (2019); Andersson et al. (2023); Lokkeberg et al. (2012) | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 17 | |||
24 | Migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Pollack (Pollachius pollachius) | Pollack | Pollachius pollachius | 30 - 500 Hz | Chapman (1973) | 3 | 3 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing as it belongs to the Gadidae family | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | 700 Hz, related to egg production, competitive feeding, aggressive encounters | Wilson et al. (2014) | 3 | 3 | based on Pollachius virens, Physoclistous | Ross (1979) | 3 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Masking at higher sea states due to increased background noise level | Chapman (1973) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 19 | ||
25 | Migratory | Pelagic | Clupeiformes | European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) | European sardine | Sardina pilchardus | No evidence for ultrasonic hearing, but has been shown to react to 70 kHz pingers. | Goetz et al. (2015) | 3 | 2 | Clupeiforms have air-filled tubes that project from the swim bladder and end in air chambers connected with the utricles of the inner ear | Wohlfahrt, 1936, 1938; Mann et al. (2001) | 3 | 2 | Unknown | 0 | 0 | Physostomous | Ganias et al. (2015) | 2 | 3 | Significant elevations in sardine plasma cortisol conc when exposed to 70 kHz pinger sounds producing tonal signals of 300 ms constant pulse duration, 4 s inter-pulse interval, 145 dB re 1 mPa @ 1m | Goetz et al. (2014) | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 17 | |||
26 | Migratory | Pelagic | Carangiformes | Horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) | Horse mackerel | Trachurus trachurus | 0.1 - 2 kHz | startle response, Kastelein et al. (2008) | 3 | 2 | No information | 0 | 0 | 300 - 5000 Hz, feeding | Protasov & Romanenko (1962) | 2 | 3 | Physoclistous | van der Kooij et al. (2007) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 14 | ||||
27 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Perciformes | Black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus) | Black seabream | Spondyliosoma cantharus | < 1 kHz | showed that the species was positively sensitive, Hu et al. (2018) | 3 | 2 | No accessory hearing organs | 2 | 2 | Likely but unconfirmed | Cruz & Lombarte (2004) | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous, based on related Sparus aurata | Kitajima et al. (1994) | 3 | 1 | Increased oxygen uptake during pile driving | Bruintjes et al. (2016) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 16 | |||
28 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Lophiiformes | Anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) | Anglerfish | Lophius piscatorius | No information | 0 | 0 | No accessory hearing organs | 2 | 2 | Unlikely | Rice et al. (2022) | 0 | 0 | Physoclistous | FishBase | 3 | 3 | Increased swimming activity when scared by air gun sound | Vold et al. (2012) | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 15 | ||||
29 | Migratory | Pelagic | Clupeiformes | Blue whiting (Micromeistius poutassou) | Blue whiting | Micromeistius poutassou | No information | 0 | 0 | Clupeiforms have air-filled tubes that project from the swim bladder and end in air chambers connected with the utricles of the inner ear | Wohlfahrt, 1936, 1938; Mann et al. (2001) | 3 | 2 | Unknown | 0 | 0 | Physoclistous | Johnsen & Godo (2007) | 3 | 3 | Displacement and vertical movement from the seismic shooting area | Slotte et al. (2004) | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 14 | ||||
30 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gobiiformes | Common goby (Pomatoschistus microps) | Common goby | Pomatoschistus microps | < 200 Hz | based on their calls, Zeyl et al. (2016) | 3 | 1 | No accessory hearing organs | 2 | 3 | courtship and agonistic interactions | Bolgan et al. 2013 | 3 | 3 | Physoclistous | Reduced swim bladders, Fish Base | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 14 | ||||
31 | Partially | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | European flounder (Platichthys flesus) | Flounder | Platichthys flesus | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. 2023 | 1 | 1 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Reduced feeding success in a related species Pseudopleuronectes americanus larvae when exposed to boat noise | Gendron et al. (2020) | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 12 | |||||
32 | Migratory | Pelagic | Scombridae | Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) | Atlantic mackerel | Scomber scombrus | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Passive sounds | Fish & Mowbray (1970) | 1 | 3 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Likely to change depth when exposed to repeated impulsive sounds SEL 142 dB | Hawkins et al. (2014) | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 13 | |||||
33 | Migratory | Demersal | Mugiliformes | Thicklip mullet (Chelon labrosus) | Thicklip mullet | Chelon labrosus | 0.4 - 0.7 kHz | startle response, Kastelein et al. (2008) | 3 | 2 | No information | 0 | 0 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. (2022) | 1 | 1 | based on related Mullets, physoclistous | Moore (1970), Furukawa (2022) | 3 | 1 | Increased swimming speed in response to acoustic alarms 0.02- 95 kHz | Kastelein et al. (2007) | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 13 | |||
34 | Migratory | Pelagic | Salmoniformes | Brown trout (Salmo trutta) | Brown trout | Salmo trutta | 30 - 1000 Hz | Nedwell et al. (2006) | 3 | 3 | No accessory hearing organs, only sensitive to particle motion since swim bladder is far from the ear | Hawkins & Johnstone (1978) | 2 | 1 | 4-6 kHz, suction feeding | Lagardere et al. (2004) | 2 | 3 | Physostomous | Brown et al. (2007) | 2 | 3 | No obvious signs of trauma during exposure to pile driving noise | Nedwell et al. (2006) | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 13 | ||
35 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gasterosteiformes | Long-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) | Long-snouted seahorse | Hippocampus guttulatus | No information | 0 | 0 | No accessory hearing organs | 2 | 3 | 1500 Hz | Anderson, 2013 | 2 | 3 | Physoclistous, based on related species Hippocampus reidi | Novelli et al. (2015) | 3 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Increased respiratory rate and opercular movements due to boat noise | Palma et al. (2019) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 13 | ||||
36 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii) | Norway pout | Trisopterus esmarkii | No information | 0 | 0 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | Likely but unconfirmed | Hawkins & Picciulin (2019) | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous | Gorska et al. (2004) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 14 | ||||
37 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | Dab (Limanda limanda) | Dab | Limanda limanda | 30 - 250 Hz | Chapman & Sand (1973) | 3 | 3 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. 2022 | 1 | 1 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 12 | |||||
38 | Migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) | Lesser sandeel | Ammodytes marinus | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Unlikely | Rice et al. 2022 | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Changed swimming direction during seismic shooting | Hassel et al. (2004) | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 12 | |||||
39 | Migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | European hake (Merluccius merluccius) | European hake | Merluccius merluccius | No information | 0 | 0 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. (2022) | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous | Tokac et al. (2018) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 14 | ||||
40 | Migratory | Pelagic | Perciformes | Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) | Atlantic bluefin tuna | Thunnus thynnus | No information | 0 | 0 | No information | 0 | 0 | Likely but unconfirmed | WoRMS | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous | Schaefer (1999) | 3 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Changed swimming direction and increased vertical movement when a car ferry approached, disorientation when exposed to turbine noise | Sara et al. (2007); Perez-Arjona et al. (2014) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 14 | ||||
41 | Migratory | Pelagic | Clupeiformes | Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) | Anchovy | Engraulis encrasicolus | Related species bay anchovies can detect ultrasound. | based on related species bay anchovies | 3 | 1 | Clupeiforms have air-filled tubes that project from the swim bladder and end in air chambers connected with the utricles of the inner ear | Wohlfahrt, 1936, 1938; Mann et al. (2001) | 3 | 2 | Passive sounds | WoRMS | 1 | 3 | Physostomous | Ok & Gucu (2019) | 2 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 12 | |||
42 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Pouting (Trisopterus luscus) | Pouting | Trisopterus luscus | 0.1 -0. 25 kHz | startle response, Kastelein et al. (2008) | 3 | 2 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. (2022) | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous, as all Gadidae | Morrison et al. (1993) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 14 | |||
43 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gobiiformes | Two-spotted goby (Gobiusculus flavescens) | Two-spotted goby | Gobiusculus flavescens | < 2 kHz | based on their calls, Millot et al. (2023) | 3 | 1 | No information | 0 | 0 | 0 - 2000 Hz, courtship | Millot et al. 2023 | 3 | 3 | No information | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Negative effects on acoustic communication and spawning success with constant low frequency tones (100 Hz) | de Jong et al. (2016) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 12 | ||||
44 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) | Turbot | Scophthalmus maximus | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | 7-9 kHz, suction | Lagardere et al. (2004) | 2 | 3 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 12 | ||||||
45 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Clupeiformes | Poor cod (Trisopterus minutus) | Poor cod | Trisopterus minutus | No information | 0 | 0 | Clupeiforms have air-filled tubes that project from the swim bladder and end in air chambers connected with the utricles of the inner ear | Wohlfahrt, 1936, 1938; Mann et al. (2001) | 3 | 2 | Unknown | 0 | 0 | Physoclistous, as all Gadidae | Morrison et al. (1993) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 11 | |||||
46 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Four-bearded rockling (Enchelyopus cimbrius) | Four-bearded rockling | Enchelyopus cimbrius | No information | 0 | 0 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. (2022) | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous, as all Gadidae | Morrison et al. (1993) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Behavioural response when | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | ||||
47 | Migratory | Pelagic | Clupeiformes | Allis shad (Alosa alosa) | Allis shad | Alosa alosa | < 120 kHz | response to ultrasonic pulses 70 and 120 kHz tested, Wilson et al. (2008); Wilson et al. (2011) | 2 | 2 | Clupeiforms have air-filled tubes that project from the swim bladder and end in air chambers connected with the utricles of the inner ear | Wohlfahrt, 1936, 1938; Mann et al. (2001) | 3 | 3 | Passive sounds | WoRMS | 1 | 3 | based on the generalization of Clupeiforms being physostomous | Kaartvedt (2021) | 2 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | change in swimming speed when exposed to ultrasound played at 70 and a 120 kHz | Wilson et al. (2008) | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 16 | ||
48 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Carangiformes | Witch (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) | Witch | Glyptocephalus cynoglossus | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No information | 0 | 0 | No information | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | |||||||
49 | Migratory | Pelagic | Clupeiformes | Twaite shad (Alosa fallax) | Twaite shad | Alosa fallax | < 180 kHz | based on American shads, Higgs et al. (2004) | 2 | 2 | Clupeiforms have air-filled tubes that project from the swim bladder and end in air chambers connected with the utricles of the inner ear | Wohlfahrt, 1936, 1938; Mann et al. (2001) | 3 | 3 | Unknown | 0 | 0 | based on the generalization of Clupeiforms being physostomous | Kaartvedt (2021) | 2 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | Immediate flee response from a 200 kHz split-beam transmission | Gregory et al. (2007) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 14 | |||
50 | Migratory | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | Common sole (Solea solea) | Common sole | Solea solea | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Unlikely | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Unusual increase in swimming speed, but high individual variability during pile driving noise | Mueller-Blenkle et al., 2010; Bolle et al., 2012 | 3 | 2 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 10 | ||||||
51 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gobiiformes | Rock goby (Gobius paganellus) | Rock goby | Gobius paganellus | No information | 0 | 0 | No accessory hearing organs | Borges et al. (2003) | 2 | 3 | < 300 Hz, pulsed and tonal calls | Lugli, 2010; Parmentier et al. (2013) | 2 | 3 | Physoclistous | 3 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 10 | |||||
52 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gasterosteiformes | Short-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus) | Short-snouted seahorse | Hippocampus hippocampus | No information | 0 | 0 | No accessory hearing organs | 2 | 3 | 1500 Hz | Anderson, 2013 | 2 | 3 | Physoclistous, based on related species Hippocampus reidi | Novelli et al. (2015) | 3 | 1 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 10 | |||||
53 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Blue ling (Molva dypterygia) | Blue ling | Molva dypterygia | No information | 0 | 0 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | Likely but unconfirmed | Hawkins & Picciulin (2019) | 1 | 1 | Physoclistous, as all Gadidae | Morrison et al. (1993) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 10 | ||||
54 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Gadiformes | Tusk (Brosme brosme) | Tusk | Brosme brosme | No information | 0 | 0 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | 188, 539, 1195 Hz | Rountree & Juanes (2010) | 2 | 2 | Physoclistous | Runnebaum (2006) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 10 | ||||
55 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | Lemon sole (Microstomus kitt) | Lemon sole | Microstomus kitt | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Likely but unconfirmed | Rice et al. (2022) | 1 | 1 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 | ||||||
56 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | Long-rough dab (Hippoglossoides platessoides) | Long-rough dab | Hippoglossoides platessoides | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Passive sounds | Fish (1954) | 1 | 3 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 9 | ||||||
57 | Migratory | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | Brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) | Brill | Scophthalmus rhombus | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 9 | |||||||
58 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Scorpaeniformes | Longspined sea-scorpion (Taurulus bubalis) | Longspined sea-scorpion | Taurulus bubalis | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | 300/3500 Hz | Almada (2017) | 2 | 3 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 7 | ||||||
59 | Non-migratory | Pelagic | Gadiformes | Silvery pout (Gadiculus argenteus) | Silvery pout | Gadiculus argenteus | No information | 0 | 0 | Swim bladder likely involved in hearing | based on knowledge of Gadiformes | 3 | 2 | Unknown | 0 | 0 | Physoclistous, as all Gadidae | Morrison et al. (1993) | 3 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 8 | |||||
60 | Non-migratory | Demersal | Pleuronectiformes | Sand sole (Pegusa lascaris) | Sand sole | Pegusa lascaris | No information | 0 | 0 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | Passive sounds | Protasov & Romanenko (1962) | 1 | 3 | No swim bladder | 1 | 3 | No studies | 0 | 0 | No studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 7 | ||||||
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62 | *references gathered from FishSounds.net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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